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I'm overdoing the bitcoin thread today, but I do find it interesting.
I think with the history you've refreshed us on Darren, I'm starting to see why you feel the way you do.
In buying lots of BTC in April 2020, you feel vindicated by the idea of escaping the consequences of the FED's money printing with how much it has soared in value against the $. Your thesis seems to have been correct.
In my view though, your thesis is faulty. You did well, but not really for the reasons you bought it for. You're in a not much different position to the spec-tech investors going big on Peloton and Zoom and ARKK. You've ridden the wave of a hyper-accommodative monetary policy, which is now being reversed.
Whilst I suppose it could still theoretically be correct, the difficult position your thesis has is that it's currently being systematically dismantled.
It's falling just like a tool of rampant speculation would.
Inflation is becoming worse, but Bitcoin is falling harder.
A war started in Ukraine, and people fled to Gold, not Bitcoin.
It's not becoming less volatile, it's becoming more.
Your argument that BTC is still up from COVID lows higher than the stock market doesn't really hold water, and you know it.
Because, look, so is GME. So is Dogecoin, for crying out loud.
Why do I pick those 2 to compare against? And why are those two still up against the stock market despite any rational person knowing that they're worth nowhere near that?
Well the other leading thesis is that they've all become a cult. Their temporary success has blinded a (now diminishing) cadre of people to their flaws, leading to all sorts of implausible claims engineered to create belief that number will continue to go up. There are diminishing but real sets of people who still believe in all of them.
It's also why ARKK hasn't had the good fortune to still be looking good. Ultimately, it's an investment in a hotchpotch collection of tech firms, not "the future of money". It doesn't have a story for people to believe in.
I think at this stage, everything has to go in reverse for your competing idea to be right. It's not enough for people not to trust the FED and go through a recession to suddenly love bitcoin. What's happening right now shows that. They also have to find a reason to believe in Bitcoin.
The trouble is that all Bitcoin is doing at present is giving people lots of reasons not to trust it.
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Some good discussion at last, rather than the usual "bro" insults and repetitive drivel...
You make some good points @Frequentlyhere
I would say ARKK is a rubbish investment because they are essentially a mutual fund with Bitcoin + loads of sh*tcoins.
On the points of GME and Doge etc, they are simply flavour of the year meme stuff. Bitcoin has been crashing upwards since 2009.
Its violently volatile, but anyone buying it by now really should know what they are getting into...
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As having confessed to NOT having read the whole thread I am in the advantageous or disadvantaged position of not being over-burdened with all the background.
The issue of this thread as shown in some recent posts and with many fora generally is that some - in my view far too many - derive satisfaction, reassurance and validation from the support from others who hold exactly the same views as they do. They also sometimes seem to then go on to hunt in packs and offer mutual support in deriding others. It often simply becomes disrespectful and in the end those with the most interesting views don’t bother which is a loss to those that like to hear other people’s views. The fact is that people who have identical views to one’s own may provide a feeling of safety but often prevent one from benefiting from considering and realising that one isn’t always right. You can only learn from people who hold views that are different from one’s own or who have views that you haven’t heard before. It also seems to me that when some find something in another persons views with which they disagree, they seem to need to find fault with everything they say. I am bewildered as to why so many are unable to agree completely with some of what something someone else thinks but not all of it. And some are selective about their use of history. A lot of the cleverest and dumbest people made a lot of cash out of tulip bulbs and a lot of clever and less clever lost. Perhaps some of the vlevere people understood the game better and hyped the investment and got out when their judgement was that there were sufficient people in the game for them to leave it too them. And what is wrong with that if you were one of those that got the timing right. Caveat emptor.
To me what has emerged from the thread is that too many want to simply argue about what the word “investment” means. Does it really matter, so long as people are able to make informed choices about what the risk actually is? Is a punter who believes themselves to genuinely be a racing horse expert see himself as a punter or investor and doesn’t it turn out rather to rely more on whether he has a great track record or poor track record?
Two people with the same set of “facts” can arrive at the opposite conclusions. One punter notices that the ball has fallen consecutively ten times on red at the roulette table and convinces himself that the chances are that therefore the odds are that the odds favour that it must be black the next turn. Another with the same facts is convinced that as it’s been red ten times in a row it must surely be red again next time. It turns out that the table is cleverer than both.
I’ve found Darren’s views - or what I think I understand of them - fascinating and I do so hope that the debate isn’t stifled by those that seem to enjoy stifling rather than being open-minded and treasuring breadth of opinion.
Jeff2 -
Frequentlyhere said:
To take the last point first, I think we should avoid using short-term performance as any sort of indicator of investment quality. Gamestop is still up >3000% since the covid lows, does that make it even better than bitcoin as an investment?
You say this, but then go on to make lots of references points to other short term events and performances. If you want to take a longer term view, thats something I very much agree with. How about we compare the performance of BTC vs other asset classes over the last decade? Your argument is not logically consistent.Frequentlyhere said:
My reference to the 70% drop wasn't to illustrate that BTC is a bad investment - that doesn't prove that. It was to say it's currently bad money. It's almost equally as bad that it's up whatever hundreds of percent since the covid lows. In my view your comparision point there is the £ or $, not the S+P 500.
If we look at a typical definition of money, we see it includes the need for it to be recognisable, and stable. Well, it's clearly not stable and it's clearly not being recognised for the vast majority of worldwide transactions either. From that list, I'd also argue it's nowhere near portable enough given the perils of storing it conveniently with any 3rd party at present.
The fact its unstable doesn't prove its bad money; it simply shows that for short term use its not ideal - which is why I, and many others here, suggest you buy it with money you won't need for years. You can't birth a multi-trillion dollar asset class without volatility. Have you seen a gold chart from say 1900? Lots of volatility in that which is conveniently forgotten about today.
As for recognisable, this doesn't mean 'accepted as payment.' You can convert Bitcoin very easily via an exchange in any country to any currency, that's pretty recognisable. Again, many people present the argument that Bitcoin isn't being 'adopted' because its instantly converted to whatever fiat currency the shop owner operates in, which kinda proves the point that it is recognisable as a money.Frequentlyhere said:
Re: the economic outlook, I don't disagree with your views on interest rates, but for me still there's an awful lot of words missing in how "challenging macroeconomic outlook and downward pressure on interest rates" becomes "bitcoin is the answer".
If everyone saw it, it wouldnt be at the price it currently is. For me, the key is what happens when we get to a point where the current tools don't work and how that plays out.Frequentlyhere said:
I've seen the "they won't have a choice' argument put forward before in reference to Govts, and I simply don't see how that can be the case. China has already banned bitcoin hasn't it? They seem to have had the choice. Meanwhile, in more delicate terms, the Western World is clearly on a path to regulate crypto extensively. It's well within their remit and power to do so.
If a Government says "bitcoin is illegal" whilst still theoretically being possible to transact in bitcoin using VPN's and specialist software, how many people in a normal population are going to be up for that? I'd put it at about 1%? That's not a viable option.
China have banned Bitcoin about 17 times. Of course, courts in Shanghai and Beijing recognised Bitcoin as property about a month ago; thereby unbanning it, again. They ban it every time it gets frothy, stopping their citizens from buying the top. But China and Russia have been incredibly strategic over the last decade dumping USTs and acquiring gold reserves. They know that no western country is going to willing pay for goods in RMB or RUB, so they are in need of a trustless international payment system....
Well, in every country that has banned Bitcoin previously, it has traded at a premium to the global market price, not a deficit. So data doesnt support your theory, but even if we assume it to be true there are however two key problems with this theory;
(1) The people that own Bitcoin tend to be educated, technical people with disposable income. These people have the ability to move elsewhere relatively easily (compared to say a labourer). You don't want to alienate these type of people for economic reasons. Then there's a load of productive capital in mining (US is now the largest single mining country) and BTC on the balance sheets of S&P500 companies. Its inflicting pain on oneself for no gain.
(2) Having a reserve currency is both a privilege and a burden. It ensures you run a fiscal deficit with the rest of the world; the Triffin dilemma. Many people making the argument that 'governments will ban it' just assume that reserve currency = power, but don't understand that it may not be in the US' interests to hold reserve currency status forever.Frequentlyhere said:
Re: "the volatility is decreasing over time" - is it? It's fallen faster and further in % terms than it did in 2018, doesn't seem like it to me.
Volatility is a mathematical quantity. Your opinion is not a calculation. Find a graph of BTC volatility and fit a trendline to it.Frequentlyhere said:
Re: "Bitcoin is the risk off asset and I think that will be vindicated in time" Well, it's certainly not behaving like one, and never has done yet in it's short history.
I have never made the point that Bitcoin currently behaves like a risk off asset. The argument is that it will do so in the future.Frequentlyhere said:
Re: "I have no issue with 'boom & bust' being 'situation normal' if it generates growth and prosperity at a higher average rate than any other system"
Well, so far capitalism under the $ has generated growth and prosperity by far and away better than any other system. Look at how rich the World has become since 100 or even 50 years ago - hugely.
I have no issue with capitalism. In fact, I think you can respresent my views as arguing for more capitalism, not less. I want failing companies to go bankrupt and have more profitable companies pick up those pieces and market share, thereby improving capital efficiency. This is prevented right now by lax CB monetary policy.
Whilst capitalism has been great overall, I would certainly contend that the current incarnation is not serving us as well because of the above. If you divide the markets by the increasing money supply, they have been flat for the last 15 years or so. I think that's a more realistic view of the current situation.Frequentlyhere said:
You say "The end state of Bitcoin will be a globally adopted asset that is incredibly liquid and stable".
Well, if that's right, but the path is potentially very long and uncertain as you seem to acknowledge, what's the value in buying so much of it now?
Right now its an investment because as it undergoes that monetisation process its buying power will increase. However, when it becomes stable it would be somewhere to store wealth but it won't be something to expect a return from.
At the end of the 19th century, Germany, the UK and other nations abandoned their silver standards and switched to gold. China and India remained on a silver standard. Gold appreciated in silver terms immensely over the next 50 years, essentially ruining the wealth that China and India had for almost a full century. Gold was a good investment at the onset of this because its purchasing power was set to increase, but now that its stable, people buy gold to maintain their purchasing power, not increase it.
Take the story above and replace gold with BTC and silver with fiat currencies. I expect it to play out over a far shorter timescale, but it will still take 10, perhaps 20 years, to fully complete.Frequentlyhere said:
Because as the hypothetical gradual population level realisation of its inevitability dawns, Bitcoin will either:
a) shoot up hugely in real asset-buying value, leaving oligarchic wealth in your hands and abject poverty to almost everyone else. Governments powerless to provide core services as they no longer hold the money. Normal people's pensions worthless, whilst Michael Saylor rules the World. Is that what we actually want the future of money to look like?
or
b) Be boringly stable, in which case why are you bothering to pin so much of your wealth right now in it when it's too soon and very difficult to say when all of this will happen?
There are too many strawman arguments in here to even begin discussing.Frequentlyhere said:
Meanwhile, let's say all the hurdles were overcome, if we all adopted bitcoin as a society, how would it be better? That's a genuine question. Would it abolish inflation without abolishing economic growth, somehow? Would it reduce inequality? Would it place power in better hands, and who would those hands be?
My personal view is that Bitcoin will exist in tandem with fiat currencies. However, the money supply will be negatively correlated with the Bitcoin price for each fiat currency individually. If you want to print to provide fiscal stimulus, your citizens have an option to opt out of your debasement. This provides;
An incentive for responsible central bank monetary policy. No longer can money be printed by those in power to maintain power or hand out to their cronies. Zombie companies go bust and those resources and workers are allocated to other sectors increasing overall productivity (which has been on a straight downward trajectory in most western countries btw). Moral hazard of companies running share buy back programs or gambling on CDOs is erased.
An incentive for long term strategic thinking by governments. If you're going to inflate your money supply, it better provide a corresponding boost in productivity. Right now, governments squander capital because its easy to print, I mean produce. The four year election cycle only exacerbates this problem. Capital becomes allocated more efficiently to projects that will provide returns over time. Right now, economic growth has been illusionary for the last decade or so and simply due to money printing in my opinion.
Decreasing inequality. All global citizens have access to a monetary savings layer preventing them from being taken advantage of. Its open and accessible to all. This works both on a nation to nation level, and within countries with class against class. Inequality in a fiat system trends up over time because well connected people are closer to the money printer and can therefore spend that money before the inflationary effect of that money has taken hold - the Cantillon effect. People protest about large BTC whales, but if these whales are not producing things of productive value to society continually then they will have to sell their BTC to live. Thus, over time, BTC is acquired by those that provide value to society and spent by those that are no longer producing. This is the same process that causes many millionaires inheritances to disappear after a number of generations. It gives everyone an equal playing field.
Decreasing financialisation of goods needed to live. Houses have both a utility value and an investment value presently, because people that generate excess value want somewhere to put their wealth that won't debase. These people know that saving hundreds of thousands in fiat currencies is a bad idea, but by financialising things like RE and equities we have priced normal people out of home ownership and priced companies at ridiculous P/E ratios. This is a direct result of bad money which has caused other things to be used as money. If the world has an easily accessible financial product to absorb this excess monetary value, the value of these goods that people need to live is removed of the monetary premium they currently possess. We all accept gold has an 80 - 90% monetary premium, but people are less aware that RE and equities also have a monetary premium (albeit for far less as a %).
Trustless international trade, with aligned incentives. The network belongs to all, so it can't be manipulated by any single participant (and if they have 51% power, they are incentivised to protect the network, not destroy it). China, India & Russia aren't going to want to use SWIFT ever again given that the US just confiscated $600BN dollars because they didn't like something Russia did. Many countries would not wish to use the Chinese payment system, and indeed, China probably does not want an open capital account and reserve currency status itself anyway. So how are we going to conduct international trade between participants that don't trust each other to run the system in a neutral way? The answer is to have a credibly neutral system ran by code and self interested participants.Frequentlyhere said:
Whilst I suppose it could still theoretically be correct, the difficult position your thesis has is that it's currently being systematically dismantled.Frequentlyhere said:
It's falling just like a tool of rampant speculation would.
Actually, I think I have others have made it very clear that we expect cyclical price action due to the Bitcoin halving events reducing the issuance of supply. I knew when I bought it that it would go up a lot, then down a lot, then up a lot more, then down a lot and so on....
The problem with your argument is that it doesnt hold up to scrutiny because people made this argument in 2018 when Bitcoin started falling from $20k and detractors said the ponzi was finally unravelling. But yet here we sit with Bitcoin having gone substantially beyond that previous ATH and you still making the same argument. And when, in a few years time, Bitcoin goes beyond $70k again, detractors on this forum will no doubt tell me that this isn't evidence of anything. Ponzi schemes and tools of rampant speculation don't reinflate repeatedly over yearly timescales.
If there was one up and then one down, you might be correct. Many 'alt coins' were bubbles and will never come back (safemoon, luna etc) but the argument can't be true for something that has undergone this process multiple times now with an overall upward trajectory. You argue that using short term data is irrelevant but then ignore the long term data; A moving average for Bitcoin over a long enough time line is basically straight up.Frequentlyhere said:
Inflation is becoming worse, but Bitcoin is falling harder.
I have stated in this thread that Bitcoin is not an inflation hedge; it is a debasement hedge. I changed my mind on this about 18 months ago and you can search that phrase and see that I've posted it about 3 times ITT already. I don't expect Bitcoin to go up just because inflation is high.Frequentlyhere said:
A war started in Ukraine, and people fled to Gold, not Bitcoin.
Gold price on 24 February 2022 (Invasion date): $1900
Gold price now: $1830
Not sure your assertion is correct (or in any way relevant to BTC price tbh)Frequentlyhere said:
It's not becoming less volatile, it's becoming more.
Again, this is your perception. It is however factually incorrect. Volatility is math, it doesn't care what your perception is.Frequentlyhere said:
Because, look, so is GME. So is Dogecoin, for crying out loud.
Why do I pick those 2 to compare against? And why are those two still up against the stock market despite any rational person knowing that they're worth nowhere near that?
Well the other leading thesis is that they've all become a cult. Their temporary success has blinded a (now diminishing) cadre of people to their flaws, leading to all sorts of implausible claims engineered to create belief that number will continue to go up. There are diminishing but real sets of people who still believe in all of them.
Have you seen a long term graph of Dogecoin? It looks like this;
Again, its hypocritical to compare something with price action like this (which basically screams 'pump and dump') with Bitcoin, which as stated earlier is basically up and to the right over a long term timeline.
Sure, its absolutely a cult. I ignored DOGE because it lacks the fundamental properties that make BTC great and I, incorrectly, assumed that people would realise this. For starters, DOGE has an inflationary money supply and poor chain security (it doesnt even have its own miners). DOGE is an advert for peoples stupidity. My opinion is that the value of DOGE is ~$0 and the value of BTC is several hundred $k. Over time, the fundamentals catch up to the price - which is what you are seeing above in the case of DOGE and in the BTC price chart.
As to the rest, Bitcoin is money and money is backed by faith that you believe this thing will be valuable in the future. As people lose faith in central banks, they will turn to something else to have faith in. You can call that a cult if you want, but that's basically what we have now where we all believe that a dollar will have value in the future for little reason other than it did in the past.Frequentlyhere said:
I think at this stage, everything has to go in reverse for your competing idea to be right. It's not enough for people not to trust the FED and go through a recession to suddenly love bitcoin. What's happening right now shows that. They also have to find a reason to believe in Bitcoin.
You're partially correct. I do think Bitcoin has an image problem which is holding back adoption. Terra has nothing to do with BTC, but people believe it does. That's incorrect, but I can agree that people need educating on the distinction.
However, the reason to believe in Bitcoin will become obvious to all when they look around them and see who is doing well and who isn't. Results speak volumes. If Bitcoin spends a year or two around here and then goes to $100k there will be people that find this thread and see us discussing it having 'crashed' by 70% to $20k and see the bigger picture. Over the last two years, the people that dismissed Bitcoin have begrudingly accepted it and bought in. In 2017, Dimon said that if he caught anyone buying it he would sack them. Now, its regularly discussed on financial news shows. Acceptance is broadening.
When you look back and see tweets like this, it gets harder and harder for people to maintain credibility whilst dismissing Bitcoin.
And then when he follows it up with this;
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Illegality - Bitcoin isn't going to made illegal, because of politics and money - It is simply a vote loser to rally against it in places like the US. They have also shown regulatory willingness to accept and recognise the assets.
It really is a non argument.
Sure totalitarian states can implement laws, and people can circumvent them with VPN's and such.
Whats the value in buying it now: The asset is finite, and early adoption allows for accumulation of the asset at a cheaper price
GME: I know people treat GME like a meme.. but it is a bit more than that I think, there is some really interesting thinking and a lot of effort goign in to try break a system of synthetic share accounting and market manipulation. I also think some of the efforts of the company to reshape to try dominate digital games markets are compelling. I don't hold any, but I sincerely wish all retailer investors the best with it.
Either that or i'm just deluded..0 -
uk1 said:Is your position basically that you are not claiming or stating that you believe BTC to be a currency or a “traditional” investment (which you seem to be wrongly accused of believing) but simply see it as a punt or gamble more comparable with other types of bets but with this “bet” you feel able to place your bet with a personal belief of a more informed grasp of the background economic variables against which BTC might more likely perform. So your “investment” edge is your economic knowledge and judgements about BTC’s trajectory. Are you saying that you basically see BTC as simply being something to be bought and sold?
I wouldn't describe it as a punt. I'm not putting the fraction of my networth that I have in to BTC that I have on a hunch. However, if you want to take this approach I think its a valid line of thinking. If I'm right, BTC goes to something absurd. If I'm wrong, BTC goes to 0. You can assign probabilities to those outcomes and calculate an expected value based on probabilistic analysis and assign an amount of your portfolio based on that. I think 1% - 5% for everyone 'as a punt' makes sense.
My background is in Mathematics really and I've been around Bitcoin for a while due to where I worked previously. I've been around some very smart people in my past and BTC is popular amongst them. I'm relatively young and affluent and think I have a good idea how people of my generation think about the markets and the world, which determines the future. I think that the majority of market participants have no actual technical knowledge about what they are discussing; people debate quantum computing and byzantine general solutions with no technical understanding of these issues. They declare Bitcoin the 'MySpace' of cryptocurrencies without being aware of HashCash or Digicash and all the previous failed iterations. Its a trend in the modern world; everyone became an expert in R numbers and epidemiology during the pandemic and then became a specialist in urban warfare when Russia invaded Ukraine. My edge is a mismash of all that, and the fact that Im immune to the volatility.
I have an amount of Bitcoin that I just never intend to sell, even if my opinion is that the immediate future over the next 6 months is down. Simply because, if I wake up tomorrow and OPEC have announced they will only sell Oil & Gas in BTC or a mid level nation adopts it as legal tender the price will go stratospheric and I'd have missed the move.uk1 said:
Is it also your position that in simple terms the current drop in BTC value is most likely attributable to short-termism amongst more traditionalists flighting back to buy opportunities in traditional investments but that these markets are in economies where the medicines and levers needed to “repair” economies are more likely to kill the patients than cure them and that this might inevitably lead to flight and swing back into BTC in the future.
Broadly, yes. Although, I do also think that Bitcoin cycles (Halving) aren't just a meme and a collapse of 70 or 80% was always going to happen to clear out some of these new participants.
All developed economies can raise rates to regain credibility, but this will almost certainly put those same economies in to depressions because their debt burdens can't sustain those interest rates. Or they can pivot and resume their QE, which leads to debasement and an erosion of faith / value in the currency. For me, this is win-win. In scenario one, everything goes down drastically and I would benefit from falling prices. In scenario two, Bitcoin goes up.
If you're asking me what I think will happen, then we only need to look to history. Its easier to print because its more palatable and therefore there is less resistance. Its kicking the can down the road, but the immediate problem is alleviated, so this the most likely choice. But eventually, this leads to hyper inflation of the currency, so even this has a shelf life. I think a lot of westerners can ignore currency crisis' as 'things that happen in poorer countries,' as I think you have seen ITT previously with people dismissing the power of BTC in Venezuela, Nigeria, Turkey et al. But a currency crisis in a western nation would make everyone sit up and take notice of what was going on.
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darren232002
Thanks for your patient reply.
I am rarely in awe of others grasp of the often cog-like relationship between stuff but you are unusually talented and I suspect that however wealthy you are today you are probably going to make a lot more and enjoy the process. “Mid-30’s” Good grief!
All you need to do is to work out when you have enough and then shrug and stop. I’ve been pretty good at that last bit but I suspect you are a lot better than me at making money out of money.
Bon chance. And thanks again. Don’t let the * get you down.
Jeff0 -
@uk1 / Jeff,
I agree with much of what you say and it is interesting how polarised peoples views are but you cannot discount the impact of being actively involved in BTC makes people. I don't hold it for valuation and ethical reasons and to me it is just another asset (?) which could go up or could go down. I don't have any issue if people want to hold it then good for them and I do hope as with any human being they have not lost more than they can afford to.
Regarding Darren, I appreciate the effort he puts into his posts and applaud him on his great timing - buying most of his holding at the exact bottom and avoiding buying anywhere near its peak all without a mechanism for discerning fair value - almost unbelievable but I guess law of averages someone must have done it! The problem I have with darren's arguments is (s)he makes no compensation for any view other than BTC is going to the glorious uplands, and however sensible a counter argument is made or how uncontroversial that argument is darren still argues against, usually with 'I have posted this 100 times so it must be true and you are an idiot' type statement thrown in. There is no middle ground. At least Scottx saw it for what it is - a way of making money. I do suspect that this whole argument is some kind of academic exercise to see if we can win on every point. Against that backdrop it is quite tempting to just take the micky with some of the more absurd claims such as 'BTC is green, as all energy is made from an Argentina sized chicken poo farm that you cant see on Google Maps because it is top secret' (paraphrasing. See, even if I am trying to write a sensible post it is impossible to because of the absurdity) - BTC has horrendous energy implications, why can't you just own it?
And his posts are too long.Edible geranium1 -
Thanks bugbyte_2,
I’m also not on the BTC wagon simply because I’m fortunate not to believe that I need more in the future than I currently have and I’m even more fortunate to know/believe this and also as a person that does not cope easily with loss - and not needing to risk - I avoid it. I’m in the extreme minority situation of having had my liquidity all in cash and has been for a very long time and the loss against what I might have made is of absolutely no concern to me.
I know that Darren needs no advocate in me but my contra view is that his standpoint is from a apparently narrow minority view of having what he feels is a cogent fact based reasoning of his position from what has seemed to me from rather aggressive opposition. Some of the opposition seems rather needlessly nasty to be honest. It is much easier to be short and pithy and relatively content-free than it is to methodically put forward detailed rebuttal. He has a very wide contextual view that I find interesting and provocative even if I do not necessarily agree with every conclusion.
Much of the rebuttal of his rebuttals do seem a content free to me but then what do I know?!
I think - and you seem to be in the same spirit - that it is possible to disagree and be respectful but it seems not everyone agrees.
Jeff
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