POPLA Decisions

Another successful MET BP Stansted appeal.
I used the template to get the POPLA code and then used snippets from other appeals as well as some images from Google Maps.

"MET Parking Services have told us they do not wish to contest the Appeal. This means that your Appeal is successful and you do not need to pay the parking charge."


POPLA Appeal

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A Notice to Registered Keeper was issued on XXXX and received by me,
XXXX, the registered keeper of the vehicle Reg: XXXX for the alleged
contravention of ‘Breach of terms and conditions’ at BP, Stansted. I am writing to
you as the registered keeper and would be grateful if you would please consider my
appeal for the following reasons.

1)
a) MET Parking has deliberately chosen not to use the POFA 2012 and has not
shown that the individual who it is pursuing is in fact the driver who was liable for the
charge (ref: POPLA case Carly Law 6061796103).
b) The MET Parking Notice was not compliant with schedule 4 paragraph 4 POFA 2012 regulations.
2) No evidence of Landowner Authority - the operator is put to strict proof of full
compliance with the BPA Code of Practice.
3) The signs in this car park are not prominent, clear or legible from all parking
spaces and there is insufficient notice of the sum of the parking charge itself.
4) Amount demanded is a penalty

1) MET has deliberately chosen not to use POFA has not shown that the individual
who it is pursuing is in fact the driver who was liable for the charge. (ref POPLA case
Carly Law 6061796103)
MET has deliberately chosen not to use POFA and make no mention of such or the
transfer of liability to the keeper under POFA 2012 in the Notice to Keeper I have
received.

Under schedule 4, paragraph 4 of the POFA, an operator can only establish the right to recover any unpaid parking charges from the keeper of a vehicle, if certain conditions are met as outlined in paragraphs 5, 6, 11 & 12. MET PARKING has failed to fulfil the conditions which state that the keeper must be served with a compliant NTK, as outlined within paragraph 9. Specifically ,there is no mention of the limit of the premises and no warning of the right to recover the full amount after 28 days.

In cases with a keeper appellant, yet no POFA 'keeper liability' to rely upon, POPLA
must first consider whether they are confident that the Assessor knows who the
driver is, based on the evidence received. No presumption can be made about
liability whatsoever. A vehicle can be driven by any person (with the consent of the
owner) as long as the driver is insured. There is no dispute that the driver was
entitled to drive the car and I can confirm that they were, but I am exercising my right
not to name that person.
Where a charge is aimed only at a driver then, of course, no other party can be told
to pay. I am the appellant throughout (as I am entitled to be), and as there has been
no admission regarding who was driving, and no evidence has been produced, it has
been held by POPLA on numerous occasions, that a parking charge cannot be
enforced against a keeper without a valid NTK.
As the keeper of the vehicle, it is my right to choose not to name the driver, yet still
not be lawfully held liable if an operator is not using or complying with Schedule 4
which they have not in this case. This applies regardless of when the first appeal
was made because the fact remains I am only the keeper and ONLY Schedule 4 of
the POFA (or evidence of who was driving) can cause a keeper appellant to be
deemed to be the liable party.
The burden of proof rests with the Operator, because they cannot use the POFA in
this case, to show that (as an individual) I have personally not complied with terms in
place on the land and show that I am personally liable for their parking charge. They
cannot.
Furthermore, the vital matter of full compliance with the POFA 2012 was confirmed
by parking law expert barrister, Henry Greenslade, the previous POPLA Lead
Adjudicator, in 2015:
Understanding keeper liability
“There appears to be continuing misunderstanding about Schedule 4. Provided
certain conditions are strictly complied with, it provides for recovery of unpaid parking
charges from the keeper of the vehicle.
There is no ‘reasonable presumption’ in law that the registered keeper of a vehicle is
the driver. Operators should never suggest anything of the sort. Further, a failure by
the recipient of a notice issued under Schedule 4 to name the driver, does not of
itself mean that the recipient has accepted that they were the driver at the material
time. Unlike, for example, a Notice of Intended Prosecution where details of the
driver of a vehicle must be supplied when requested by the police, pursuant to
Section 172 of the Road Traffic Act 1988, a keeper sent a Schedule 4 notice has no
legal obligation to name the driver. [...] If {POFA 2012 Schedule 4 is} not complied
with then keeper liability does not generally pass."
Therefore, no lawful right exists to pursue unpaid parking charges from myself as
keeper of the vehicle, where an operator is NOT attempting to transfer the liability for
the charge using the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 which in this case the
operator is not.
This exact finding was made in 6061796103 against ParkingEye in September 2016,
where POPLA Assessor Carly Law found:
"I note the operator advises that it is not attempting to transfer the liability for the
charge using the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 and so in mind, the operator
continues to hold the driver responsible. As such, I must first consider whether I am
confident that I know who the driver is, based on the evidence received. After
considering the evidence, I am unable to confirm that the appellant is in fact the
driver. As such, I must allow the appeal on the basis that the operator has failed to
demonstrate that the appellant is the driver and therefore liable for the charge. As I
am allowing the appeal on this basis, I do not need to consider the other grounds of
appeal raised by the appellant. Accordingly, I must allow this appeal."
The same conclusion was reached by POPLA Assessor Steve Macallan, quoted in
appeal point 5 above.

2) No evidence of Landowner Authority - the operator is put to strict proof of full
compliance with the BPA Code of Practice
As this operator does not have proprietary interest in the land then I require that they
produce an unredacted copy of the contract with the landowner. The contract and
any 'site agreement' or 'User Manual' setting out details including exemptions - such
as any 'genuine customer' or 'genuine resident' exemptions or any site occupier's
'right of veto' charge cancellation rights - is key evidence to define what this operator
is authorised to do and any circumstances where the landowner/firms on site in fact
have a right to cancellation of a charge. It cannot be assumed, just because an
agent is contracted to merely put some signs up and issue Parking Charge Notices,
that the agent is also authorised to make contracts with all or any category of visiting
drivers and/or to enforce the charge in court in their own name (legal action
regarding land use disputes generally being a matter for a landowner only).
Paragraph 7 of the BPA CoP defines the mandatory requirements and I put this
operator to strict proof of full compliance:
7.2 If the operator wishes to take legal action on any outstanding parking charges,
they must ensure that they have the written authority of the landowner (or their
appointed agent) prior to legal action being taken.
7.3 The written authorisation must also set out:
a the definition of the land on which you may operate, so that the boundaries of the
land can be clearly defined
b any conditions or restrictions on parking control and enforcement operations,
including any restrictions on hours of operation
c any conditions or restrictions on the types of vehicles that may, or may not, be
subject to parking control and enforcement
d who has the responsibility for putting up and maintaining signs
e the definition of the services provided by each party to the agreement

3) The signs in this car park are not prominent, clear or legible from all parking
spaces and there is insufficient notice of the sum of the parking charge itself
There was no contract nor agreement on the 'parking charge' at all. It is submitted
that the driver did not have a fair opportunity to read about any terms involving this
huge charge, which is out of all proportion and not saved by the dissimilar
'ParkingEye Ltd v Beavis' case.

In the Beavis case, the £85 charge itself was in the largest font size with a
contrasting colour background and the terms were legible, fairly concise and
unambiguous. There were 'large lettering' signs at the entrance and all around the
car park, according to the Judges.
Here is the 'Beavis case' sign as a comparison to the signs under dispute in this
case:
2.bp.blogspot.com/-
eYdphoIIDgE/VpbCpfSTaiI/AAAAAAAAE10/5uFjL528DgU/s640/Parking%2Bsign_00
1.jpg
This case, by comparison, does not demonstrate an example of the 'large lettering'
and 'prominent signage' that impressed the Supreme Court Judges and swayed
them into deciding that in the specific car park in the Beavis case alone, a contract
and 'agreement on the charge' existed.
Here, the signs are sporadically placed, indeed obscured and hidden in some areas.
A number of the signs around the site are not illuminated either through poor
placement or faulty lighting. The reported date & time of the
alleged contravention is 18/08/18 at 01:25. Therefore in night-time conditions, visibility of the already poorly legible signs would have been reduced when not properly illuminated.

Image 1: Evidence that the sum of the parking charge in not displayed at all on the
sign positioned at the entrance to the site.
This case is more similar to the signage in POPLA decision 5960956830 on 2.6.16,
where the Assessor Rochelle Merritt found as fact that signs in a similar size font in a
busy car park where other unrelated signs were far larger, was inadequate:
''the signage is not of a good enough size to afford motorists the chance to read and
understand the terms and conditions before deciding to remain in the car park. [...] In
addition the operators signs would not be clearly visible from a parking space [...]
The appellant has raised other grounds for appeal but I have not dealt with these as I
have allowed the appeal.''

Image 2: Evidence that only the blank reverse of signage can be seen after entering the car park.

Image 3: Further evidence that the signs setting out the terms and conditions are not made
prominent in and around this site. There is only one sign located on the far left end of
the car park in front of BP shop, and someone parking in front of the shop at night would not see the signage.

From the evidence I have seen so far, the terms appear to be displayed
inadequately, in letters no more than about half an inch high, approximately and not illuminated at night. I put the operator to strict proof as to the size of the wording on their signs and the size of lettering for the most onerous term, the parking charge itself.

As further evidence that this is inadequate notice, Letter Height Visibility is discussed
here:
signazon.com/help-center/sign-letter-height-visibility-chart.aspx

''When designing your sign, consider how you will be using it, as well as how far
away the readers you want to impact will be. For example, if you are placing a sales
advertisement inside your retail store, your text only needs to be visible to the people
in the store. 1-2” letters (or smaller) would work just fine. However, if you are
hanging banners and want drivers on a nearby highway to be able to see them,
design your letters at 3” or even larger.''
...and the same chart is reproduced here:
ebay.co.uk/gds/Outdoor-Dimensional-Sign-Letter-Best-Viewing-Distance-
/10000000175068392/g.html

''When designing an outdoor sign for your business keep in mind the readability of
the letters. Letters always look smaller when mounted high onto an outdoor wall''.
''...a guideline for selecting sign letters. Multiply the letter height by 10 and that is the
best viewing distance in feet. Multiply the best viewing distance by 4 and that is the
max viewing distance.''
So, a letter height of less than half an inch, showing the terms and the 'charge' and
placed high on a wall or pole or buried in far too crowded small print, is woefully
inadequate in an outdoor car park. Given that letters look smaller when high up on a
wall or pole, as the angle renders the words less readable due to the perspective
and height, you would have to stand right in front of it and still need a stepladder
(and perhaps a torch and/or magnifying glass) to be able to read the terms.
Under Lord Denning's Red Hand Rule, the charge (being 'out of all proportion' with
expectations of drivers in this car park and which is the most onerous of terms)
should have been effectively: 'in red letters with a red hand pointing to it' - i.e. VERY
clear and prominent with the terms in large lettering, as was found to be the case in
the car park in 'Beavis'. A reasonable interpretation of the 'red hand rule' and the
'signage visibility distance' tables above and the BPA Code of Practice, taking all
information into account, would require a parking charge and the terms to be
displayed far more transparently, on a lower sign and in far larger lettering, with
fewer words and more 'white space' as background contrast. Indeed in the
Consumer Rights Act 2015 there is a 'Requirement for transparency':
(1) A trader must ensure that a written term of a consumer contract, or a consumer
notice in writing, is transparent.
(2) A consumer notice is transparent for the purposes of subsection (1) if it is
expressed in plain and intelligible language and it is legible.
The Beavis case signs not being similar to the signs in this appeal at all, I submit that
the persuasive case law is in fact 'Vine v London Borough of Waltham Forest [2000]
EWCA Civ 106' about a driver not seeing the terms and consequently, she was NOT
deemed bound by them.
This judgment is binding case law from the Court of Appeal and supports my
argument, not the operator's case:
bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2000/106.html

This was a victory for the motorist and found that, where terms on a sign are not
seen and the area is not clearly marked/signed with prominent terms, the driver has
not consented to - and cannot have 'breached' - an unknown contract because there
is no contract capable of being established. The driver in that case (who had not
seen any signs/lines) had NOT entered into a contract. The recorder made a clear
finding of fact that the plaintiff, Miss Vine, did not see a sign because the area was
not clearly marked as 'private land' and the signs were obscured/not adjacent to the
car and could not have been seen and read from a driver's seat before parking.
So, for this appeal, I put this operator to strict proof of where the car was parked and
(from photos taken in the same lighting conditions) how their signs appeared on that
date, at that time, from the angle of the driver's perspective. Equally, I require this
operator to show how the entrance signs appear from a driver's seat, not stock
examples of 'the sign' in isolation/close-up. I submit that full terms simply cannot be
read from a car before parking and believe that the photographic evidence I have
submitted here supports this view. Mere 'stock examples' of close-ups of the
(alleged) signage terms will not be sufficient to disprove this.


4) Amount demanded is a penalty and is punitive, contravening the Consumer Rights
Act 2015. The authority on this is ParkingEye v Beavis. That case was characterised
by clear and ample signage where the motorist had time to read, and then consider
the signage and decide whether to accept or not. In this case the signage was
neither clear not ample, and the motorist had not time to read the signage, let alone
consider it, as the charge was applied instantly the vehicle stopped. The signage
cannot be read safely from a moving vehicle.
I therefore request that POPLA uphold my appeal and cancel this PCN.